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Summary of the model based on the universal energy unit particle Herafter called the K particle
Properties of the K wave-particle
The way Ks interact with elementary particles generates all known forces in nature. We shall demonstrate that all basic forces of nature are forces executed by proxy, meaning that it is the general background K flux which decides the forces
Gravitation
According to our model gravity is a repulsive, rather than an attractive force. There are no gravitational fields, gravitons or direct attractive forces between matter. Gravitation is simply particle pressure from the outside pushing towards matter. Our model states that all matter transforms a minute fraction of incoming K particles to K neutrinos. While regular Ks interact extremely frequently with matter, K neutrinos hardly interact at all. Therefore scattered Ks from matter contains K neutrinos proportional to the amount of matter. The K flux from the side of matter will interact less frequently with other matter than the average background K flux from the opposite side. This results in a lower K particle pressure from the side of matter compared to the outside. Hence matter is pressed towards matter.
Fig 5. Transformation in mass M (greatly exaggerated) Showing only Ks which are parallell to the y-axix, while K comes from all directions. K neutrinos are shown as white arrow, since they hardly interact
Transformation in mass M results in a regular K flux deficiency at mass m from the side of M.
The resulting force F from the difference in regular K flux is pressing m towards M.
The same can be shown for the opposite direction, how m attracts M.
Gravitation is a force by proxy, meaning that it is executed by the average background K flux and not directly by the body of matter which creates the K flux deficiency.
Fig.4 shows differences in K flux near matter (greately exaggerated)
Gravity works through a modification of the universal K flux. There is no direct attractive force between 2 masses
The transformation of K particles from regular Ks to K neutrinos is minute compared to scattering
K neutrinos are shown as white arrows
The attraction between masses works both ways, of course. But seen from a small mass m close to a galactic body M, it can be seen as:
F = GmM/r2
• M ~ the K flux deficiency created by transformation in the large mass
• m ~ the total target for K interaction in the small mass
• 1/r2 ~ the space angle factor reducing the effect of the missing transformed Ks
• G = gravitational constant = the transformation constant of matter
Note that what is here called reactive cross section, is proportional to the interaction probability of the sum of the elementary particles in matter, which again is the sum of the squared amplitudes for K interaction.
Formation of a Galaxy
When there is an extreme abundance of K radiation in the universe, and regular matter transforms a small fraction of Ks to K neutrinos crating gravitation, then there must also be a different kind of matter which is net emitter of Ks. As is shown in our diagram for the electric force, Ks are probably transformed in order to get the necessary energy to turn the spin of other Ks for the purpose of maintaining electric charge. We also know that protons and electrons probably don't exist in very dense matter. Hence no need to absorb energy to turn spin in a heavy plasma body, and then these heavy celestial bodies can be net K emitters. Figure 17 below shows a timeline in the development of a galaxy (for reference, we keep the same number of figures as in the main text, but here we change succession of illustrations)
Fig. 22 Left; a stable, huge rotating, K emitting plasma body
Right; The plasma body erupts the galactic matter
Figure 16 below shows the more repulsive spherical plasma body residing at the centre of the galaxy. The contractive black hole at the centre is replaced by a repulsive pasma body.
Fig 24 The present stage of our galaxy
Prediction for the motion of celestial bodies in all disc shaped galaxies in the universe.
The motion of stars and spaceships in all galaxies can be explained and calculated if you do the following:
This model leaves you with 2 free constants to determine (the total mass of the galaxy and the strength of the repulsive force at the centre) But once these are fixed, all motion in the galaxy must follow the calculations for every radius you choose (distance from the rotational axis). Therefore this is a rather strict set of rules.
As consequence, you can forget about dark matter. There is only the sum of gravitation from a matter distribution minus the repulsive force from a point-like source at the very centre of the galaxy.
Fig. 26 Gravitational and repelling forces in the galaxy. Red arrows indicate the regular gravity caused by matter Blue arrows indicate the repulsive K pressure from the plasma body at the centre Black arrows (ΣK) indicate the sum of contractive and repulsive forces.
Fig. 27. Graphical representation of the two opposite forces in our galaxy, and the net resulting force, demonstrating in principle how the two opposite forces will vary with different distances from the centre of the galaxy.
Why Pioneer If the outward pointing black arrows representing Ks radiating from the plasma body is correct to scale, then the inward pointing circle of arrows representing the background K flux should be vastly more dense than shown. As shown, the density of inwards pointing arrows comes reasonably close to representing the deficiency in regular K flux caused by K transformation to K neutrinos in matter, better known as gravity.
More about how to test the theory
Models for the strong nuclear force - the K vacuum force - a force by proxy.
Fig 13 and 14 may be quarks in nuclei, or even smaller units. There are specific absorption centres for Ks. To generate K vacuum, the quarks r absorption centres must absorb Ks from all directions, but emit them in certain directions relative to their direction of rotation. Thereby creating zones of repulsion where they emit Ks, and zones of attraction, where there is a very large deficiency of Ks. Again we see how the strong force is a force by proxy. The absorption centres only create places where there is a strong K flux deficiency, but the actual strong force is executed by the general background K flux. Hence a force by proxy - there is no direct attractive force between quarks.
Fig. 17 - 2 absorption centres (quarks) paired with opposite spin. - The quarks may come from 2 different nuclei or from the same nucleon - Both absorption centres are K- absorbers (may just as well be K+) - K+ pass through without interacting - K+ between the centres have no effect since they do not interact. - Between the 2 centres there are no K- coming directly from the other centre - The K- vacuum between the centres generate the strong force. - The strong force is the surplus of K- from outside pressing the centres together. - The centres have opposite spin direction in order to emit K- both ways along the axis of rotation
The obvious other candidate for a quark is a combined absorption centre which use its spin as a directional separator of K+ and K-, thus being more stable and more easily matched with other centres.
Fig 18 Possible double absorption centres in 2 different nuclei
From the high degree of vacuum generated by the quarks, the strong force evidently is very much larger than gravity, which is generated from a minute absorption in matter. One should also note that there is no need for gluons to make this work. In our opinion, the gluon may be part of the mathematical formalism, but it cannot exhibit any contractive capacity. Hence if the gluon exists, it will play the same role as our model see for what the photon does in electromagnetism, as a messanger of repulsive energy, leaving the contractive properties and some ofthe repulsive properties also to the K flux differences
Turning K spin to generate Electric Charge - with gravity as a side effect
This is a model for how electric charge can be maintained in a system with a universal K flux. It is a 2 step model, as most other forces arising from K flux modifications. One elementary particle modify the flux, and this effects the second particle. As always, the force is the difference against the universal K flux. In a way this is also a force by proxy, since the difference in K flux always relate to the background K flux.
Fig.14 Electron 1
Fig.15 Electron 2 Receiving from electron 1 (left) - Flux of 6K+ and 8K- hits Electron 2 - 9 Ks, 1K+ and 8K- are absorbed - 5K+ just pass without interacting
From the other side (right) 7K+ and 7K- hits - 1K+ and 7K- are absorbed - 6K+ just pass without interacting Net force from left corresponds to the net difference in absorption = 1K Particles with equal charge repel each other
The same process as above can take place in some of the absorption centres (quarks) in a proton, only that any of the quarks is much bigger than the electron, so the proportion of Ks which have their spin turned must be that much smaller, or only a smaller part of the quark is involved in the electric part.
To perform the turning of the spin, the system needs energy. Therefore it transforms a few Ks into K neutrinos, and this is the origin of the gravity. By transformation of regular Ks to K neutrinos the system disturbs the universal K flux and creates a partial vacuum (slight deficiency in regular K flux) from the side of matter.
Electromagnetism and electric induction.
Electromagnetism will come out of the previous explanation pretty neatly. Put the electrons in motion, and they will emit K- sideways and slightly backwards on the average, all with the same spin direction. See fig 16 below. So a receiving electron will be hit by an excess of minus-spin in the K flux, which will give it an impulse backwards. And then we have an accelerator or an induced current in an electric wire.
More about electric charge and electromagnetism
K interaction with photons
A K particle will interact with a photon in 3 steps. - It will be absorbed, and thereby transferring its energy and momentum to the photon - It will be retained for a certain time giving energy to the photon. - It will be emitted in a manner to conserve energy and momentum
RCS is here the reactive cross section of a photon (sum of squared amplitudes of interaction). It is proportional to its total energy, E = mc2 = hf. In order not to loose speed or energy, the photon cannot have any RCS (amplitude) facing forwards, only to the side. This because Ks come in with an average 0 velocity parallell to that of the photon, and is accelerated to c as it travels with the photon.
Fig 8. K interaction with a photon. - Photon only interacts from the side - Regardless of direction, all Ks use the same time to pass the RCS of the photon - If homogenous K flux, then the average K velocity parallel to the photon is 0 - During retention, Ks travel with the photon and have velocity c parallel to the photon - To balance energy with new Ks being accelerated from 0 to c, all Ks must be emitted straight backwards with velocity minus c relative to the photon, which means they have no backwards net velocity, and must therefore be emitted with velocity c in the sideways direction. The right figure is misleading in this respect - note that Ks don't necessarily travel in a line during retention, they probably travel also in parallel like a school. - If the K flux is larger from one side than from the other, the photon will adapt its course to conserve the momentum, and we get gravitational lens effect. - If the K flux is larger from the front than from the back, as when moving away from matter, the photon must emit some extra Ks to conserve the momentum and energy. Its target surface (RCS) diminishes, and there is a red shift. - If the K flux is larger from the back than from ahead, like when moving towards matter, the photon emits fewer Ks than it absorbs, its mass grows, and its target surface (RCS) grows, it picks up even more hits, and this is a blue shift.
Fig 9 Photon as a school of Ks every small line represents a k, and the photon is a structure for carrying a package of energy. Here we see some Ks before absorption, then in the middle we see them during retention as the travel in the direction of the photon, and then we see them at emission to the right.
More about K interaction with photons
K interaction with fermions
K interacts with a fermion (electron, quark, proton, neutron) with the same 3 steps; absorption, retention, emission. But a fermion has proper mass, and interacts also when at rest. It must have a target facing forwards. To be compatible with the theory of relativity, extra energy added to the fermion due to velocity, must be added only sideways, like for a photon.
Fig. 10 and 11 Fermion at rest with a ball like target (RCS) absorbs Ks, retains the Ks, and emits them randomly in a rotating manner to balance sideways energy and momentum.
Fermion with velocity v has a slightly prolonged RCS and absorbs more Ks form ahead than from rear. After retention Ks are therefore emitted backwards in a rotating manner. The absorbed Ks have an average velocity component opposite of the fermion, because the fermion i moving. Hence the backwards component of the speed of K must be greater than minus v.
absorption retention emission
Fig. 12 - Fermion with velocity v close to the speed of light (c) has a strongly increased RCS, but the entire increase comes along its side, nothing extra faces forwards. - It absorbs much more Ks from ahead than from rear, and this absorption from ahead forbids the fermion ever to reach the speed of light. - Most Ks are absorbed from the side, and Ks from the side have a 0 velocity relative to the velocity of the fermion. - All Ks are accelerated to v in the direction of the fermion. - After retention the Ks are therefore emitted with velocity close to c backwards, but this is then a modest velocity relative to a universal reference frame. - The higher the velocity, the more the angle of emission of Ks approaches 90 degrees on the fermions line of motion.
Frequency of K interaction
It seems like the Ks must be retained for some time in elementary particles (photons, quarks, electrons etc) Then one may assume that the number of interactions equals the frequency for a photon.
Provided that photons interacts with Ks at the same rate as their frequency, the same relation must be true for fermions, otherwise they would react differently to gravitation. Thus a fermion at rest will comply with: E = hf = mc2 fproton = mproton·c2/h = 2,27·1023/s (= fneutron) felectron = melectron·c2/h = 1,24·1020/s What is the energy and mass of an average K particle? Let N be the number of Ks retained simultaneously in an EP, and let tR be the retention time for the Ks, then the total energy of the fermion would be N·mK·c2 and N = f· tR Efermion = hffermion = mfermionc2 =N·mK·c2 = ffermion· tR·mK·c2 tR·mK = h/c2 = 7,37·10-51 kg·s tR·EK = h
The K particle has an average specific energy, and hence an average specific time of retention. Most likely these are the same for photons, protons electrons etc.
More about K interaction with fermions
The uncertainty principle
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, ∆p · ∆x ≥ h/2, for the least momentum determination ∆p within a certain distance ∆x corresponds to the random variation of the net K flux and its transfer of net momentum in a random direction.
Fig.
Tunnelling
The tunnelling phenomenon is a number of K interactions which statistically occur in surplus in a direction favourable for enabling the particle in question to overcome a given potential barrier. Tunnelling boils down to simple K flux variation at the particle level transferring a net momentum in a random direction, the rest depends on the geometry of the potential barrier relative to the tunnelling particle.
More about the uncertainty principle
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More K flux from outside than 
Fig. 6 shows the space angle of a regular particle when the particle is a distance r and 2r away from O. The target of the mass (RCS) will diminish by a factor 1/r2 
