Electric charge

Electric Charge - The Electrostatic Force

Now we have demonstrated a plausible model where the K particle brings Newtonian gravity, general relativity and quantum mechanics together. But we still miss some basic forces before we can talk about a truly unifying theory. In this chapter we will seek a plausible model for the electrostatic force as a force by proxy.

To unify gravity, relativity and quantum mechanics was already beyond my highest aspirations for what the K particle could possibly achieve. But in my quest for testing / challenging the theory, also the other basic forces had to be explored, to see if the K could fit in with these forces. It was evident that the idea of K giving energy to all elementary particles (EPs) set a strong lead on how EPs can interact with Ks. Therefore, it was not easy to adapt the previous findings to explain electric forces or strong forces. It took quite some reflection around the spin of quarks and electrons, and how this could relate to the K particle. The whole mechanism of K absorption, retention and emission in EPs needed some further rules and definitions. If the Ks should explain electromagnetism, the Ks themselves needed a more advanced configuration. Two types of Ks must exist with opposite “signs” (which I suspect is the same as the intrinsic spin property of particles): K⁺ and K^- . This was a process of doing several things at the same time, since new conditions for the K – EP interaction had to fit with some actual models for how this worked. And the pieces fell into place when elementary particles were equipped with spinning K absorption centres. From there on it was quite simple to adapt the model to what kind of force you should describe.

So far, we have resorted to looking at regular Ks and their transformation. Now we split the regular Ks in two kinds, K⁺ and K^-.

• + sign symbolises a certain affinity (amplitude) for interacting with “plus” K absorption centres in elementary particles.

• - sign symbolises a certain affinity (amplitude) for interacting with “minus” K absorption centres in elementary particles.

We need to look at some special fermions to explain the electrostatic force. The electron is evidently one of the fermions in question. The other can be one or several quarks of the proton. Here we shall call them electric absorption centres, because they generate electric charge by the way they differentiate between K⁺ and K^- at absorption. At first the purpose of making a model with electric absorption centres was to show one possible model for how electrostatic force could work applying the K particle. However, as the electric absorption centres easily could explain also the electromagnetic force, when it was combined with our analysis for the emission angles of fermions, it became quite likely that this was the correct model, or at least very close to it. Later, also the strong force could use much of the same model, so the same working mechanism seemed consistent for 2 very different forces.

So now we define elementary particles as K absorption centres, which have a preference for one kind of K “sign” over the opposite. Then to get a model for the electrostatic force, we introduce electric absorption centres which have the ability to switch the sign of a few Ks and thereby setting up the electrostatic field.

A proton or an electron has a frequency of K interaction proportional to its total energy. At least for a proton we need to split it into smaller entities, which we call absorption centres. A quark may be such an absorption centre, or the electric absorption centres in protons may be smaller units. We need at least one smaller absorption centre in electrons, which cannot be bigger than the electron itself. When a spinning absorption centre absorbs Ks with one preferred sign, while not discriminating fully against the opposite sign, we call it an electric absorption centre if it turns some Ks with opposite sign to the same sign as the sign of the majority for that particular absorption centre. Here follows a possible set of conditions which will make electrostatic and electromagnetic interaction possible. We start with an electron called Electron1 residing in a homogenous K flux:

• A homogenous flux of 14 Ks (7K⁺ and 7K^-) hits Electron 1.

• The electron consists of an electric absorption centre devoted to absorbing K^-, and it absorbs all 7 K^-.

• The electron discriminates against K⁺, and absorbs only 1 K⁺.

• The rest of the K⁺ which hit this absorption centre will not interact with it, 6K⁺ will just pass by.

• The electric absorption centre turns the sign of the absorbed K⁺ to K^-.

• All 8 absorbed Ks are thus emitted as K^-.

• An electron emits more K^- than it absorbs, and fewer K⁺ than received hits within the same space.

• The electron modifies the sign distribution of the regular K flux in favour of K^-.

• 8 K^- are here shown to be emitted in the same direction as they had before absorption, which is a simplification, since they will scatter.

• The proportion of 1 out of 7 K⁺ having their sign switched is probably quite exaggerated.

Fig. 14. Model for electric K absorption centre in electron 1.

In fig. 14 the electric absorption centre changes the K sign composition of the K flux, it does not alter the magnitude of the total flux of regular Ks significantly in this context. If the electron is at “rest”, this distorted K flux will propagate in all directions, and hence also the distortion of the general K flux will diminish with a factor proportional to the inverse square of the distance, 1/r², from the electron.

Now look at Figure 15, where the uneven flux from Electron1 hits a nearby Electron2, which is rigged in the exact same way as Electron1. So Electron2 absorbs all 8K^- and 1 K⁺, hence it will absorb 9 Ks from the side of the Electron1. From the neutral flux from the other side, Electron2 will absorb 7 K^- and 1 K⁺ = 8 Ks. The net effect is a surplus of 1 K momentum, p_K, pushing the electrons apart. And this is the electrostatic force, where equal charges repel each other. Probably the fraction absorbed with opposite sign is smaller than shown here, but this is an example for the working mechanism where we let a relatively large fraction of Ks have their sign switched, in order to be able to illustrate the principles.

Fig. 15. Electrostatic force on Electron 2 from Electron 1.

The electrostatic force emerges when the modified K flux from the first electron hits a second electron

• A homogenous flux of 14 Ks (7K⁺ and 7K^-) hits Electron 1 from the right, out of which 8 Ks are absorbed and transfer their momentum to Electron 2

• A modified flux from Electron 1 of 14 Ks (6K⁺ and 8K^-) hits from the left, out of which 9 Ks are absorbed and transfer their momentum to Electron 2

• The net force from left corresponds to the net difference in absorption = 1K^-momentum = 1p_K.

• Equal charges repel each other.

• The 9K^- are here shown to be emitted along the rotational axis of the absorption centre, which may or may not be the case. On the average, absorbed K⁺ and K^- will be emitted in all directions.

Consequence 21:

Model for electric absorption centres. The electron has an electric absorption centre (part of, or all of it’s amplitude for K interaction) devoted to absorbing K^-, discriminating against K⁺, but absorbing a few K⁺ at a certain rate. The rest of the K⁺ will not interact with this absorption centre and just pass by. The electric absorption centre emits all Ks with the same sign K^-, meaning that it turns the sign of the few K⁺ which it absorbs.

But what about the proton? It is so “huge”, almost 2000 times the mass of an electron. It is evident that only a smaller part of its absorption centres needs to be an electric absorption centre. If a major part of the absorption centres of the proton is involved in the electric charge, then the discrimination between K⁺ and K^- must be that much smaller, or they must turn sign both ways, so only the net effect shows. So while most of the proton’s absorption centres may be neutral, a small part could be selective for K⁺ over K^- and do the same trick as the electron, only in the opposite direction turning the sign of K^- into K⁺.

In a model for electric absorption in a proton we simply need to change K^- to K⁺ in our analysis of the electron, and bear in mind that the proton is almost 2000 times as big.

We have a repulsive electric field when a surplus flux of K⁺ hits a fermion which has more than half its K interaction amplitude devoted for K⁺, or when a surplus flux of K^- hits a fermion which has more than half its K interaction amplitude devoted for K^-. Then the homogeneous K-flux from the opposite side will not balance out the surplus of the preferred sign, even if the total flux of regular Ks from both sides is the same. As a result we have a repulsive electrostatic force between equal charges. From a point source, such a sign surplus will deteriorate proportional to the inverse square of the distance, 1/r², between the emitting charged particle and the targeted charged particle. Then the strength of the field must be proportional to the number of electrons which set it up, or the total charge Q. And the target will be proportional to the number of electrons which are hit, and this will be proportional to the total charge at the other end, hence we have Coloumb’s law

F = k · Q · q / r²

We have an attractive electric field when a surplus flux of K⁺ hits a fermion which has less than half its K interaction amplitude devoted for K⁺, or a surplus flux of K^- hits a fermion which has less than half its K interaction amplitude devoted for K^- interaction. Then the homogeneous K-flux from the opposite side will render more hits, and we have an attractive electrostatic force between opposite charged particles. In this case it is evident that the attractive electrostatic force is a force by proxy, since it is executed by the background K flux. Electrostatic force is an uneven K sign distribution emitted by a charged particle. The uneven K sign distribution becomes effective as a force (momentum transfer) when hitting another charged particle. Because charged particles distort the K flux they emit, the sign-balanced background K flux will render the receiving EP with a net surplus or deficiency of K momentums transferred. Like with gravity, it is important to understand that there is always this average, balanced K flux out there, and if nothing is done to disrupt it, an EP experience an even push from all sides. As soon as we take away or add some K flux, this will constitute a net deficiency or a net surplus, and we will have a corresponding net transfer of K momentums to the receiving EP. Again it is imperative that the Ks are absorbed directionally with a transfer of K momentums to the EP, and then emitted randomly taking no momentum with them at emission, unless for the purpose of maintaining inertia.

Note that the electrostatic force cannot function according to this model if all Ks of both signs were absorbed at Electron1, and one of the K signs had all their signs turned. Then Electron2 would still absorb the same number of electrons (all) from both side, hence no repelling force.

The complementary principle of K emission states that no Ks can disappear. Therefore K transformation in electric K absorption centres creates a deficiency of the K sign which is transformed, and an equally large surplus of the K sign to which it is transformed. Hence K⁺ which are missing because they are transformed to K^- will induce a contractive force by proxy on K⁺ absorption centres. The electrostatic force on a proton from an electron arise when the K flux from an electron with a surplus of K^- hits a proton, then the affiliated deficiency of K⁺ in the same K flux will cause less interaction and hence fewer hits from the side of the electron, and the background K flux will act as a force by proxy and push the proton towards the electron, and vice versa. Hence opposite charges “attract” each other through a force by proxy.

For practical purposes, the small transformation to K neutrinos can be ignored when the electric effect is considered, but it must of course not be forgotten.

Consequence 22:

The electrostatic force stems from a discrimination of absorption according to sign, and the subsequent switch of sign of some of the Ks which have the discriminated sign. Electrostatic force results when a charged particle absorbs a K-flux with a surplus of one sign distribution of Ks and a deficiency of the opposite sign.

This is one way to explain the electric field. At first glance there may be an energy deficiency when accounting for the energy it takes to transform K⁺ to K^- in electrons (and the other way in protons). But we don’t know what this switching of sign really is, other than it changes the preferences of the Ks for which kind of absorption centre it can interact with. However, this probably comes at a cost. Ks which change sign will contribute with a lower total amplitude for K interaction in order to keep this switching-of-sign frenzy going. So when there is charge, there is transformation of regular Ks to Ks with lower amplitude. And this is what makes gravitation.

It is the model for the electrostatic force which makes it more likely that the amplitudes of K⁺ and K^- are quantised rather than having pure K neutrinos. Our model for the electrostatic interaction is then

K⁺ (initial amplitude) → K^- (slightly lower amplitude for EP interaction)

K^- (initial amplitude) → K⁺ (slightly lower amplitude for EP interaction)

Then every K⁺ which is transformed to a K^- goes from a higher amplitude (higher affinity for interacting with matter) in K⁺ to a slightly lower amplitude in K^-, and vice versa. Then we can follow the formation of gravitation on a 1:1 basis in the electrostatic interaction. Otherwise we must explain why there is sometimes a K neutrino transformation, but mostly not. For the purpose of analysing gravity, it is quite beneficent to see the K neutrino as the net result of the changes in amplitude. We let the K neutrino represent the change in amplitude of what is probably more than 10³⁵ switches of K sign per 1 K neutrino, based on the assumption that the electrostatic interaction is at least 10³⁵ times stronger than gravity. Seen in this context, the K neutrino is a virtual particle used for analytic purposes only.

If this is so - and so far I have not been able to spot any other plausible reason for gravity to arise according to this model - then the pieces starts falling into place. Another reason for assuming that there is a 1:1 causal connection between electric charge and gravity, will be evident when we look at the formation of galaxies, and consider when gravity and electricity was introduced to the galaxy.

Gravity.

From here on, K neutrinos will be considered to be virtual particles representing a sum of many Ks which have their amplitude for interaction slightly reduced. The most logical guess here is that every time a K gets its sign switched in the electric process, it ends up with a slightly lower amplitude for interaction. For a more thorough approach to the K transformation and the nature of the K neutrino, see text below.